3. Language as a Social and Cultural Phenomenon (4)
Introduction to the study of language: language variation, change, and loss; multilingualism, pidginization, and creolization; language planning, standardization, and prescriptivism; writing systems; the role of language in thought, myth, ritual, advertising, politics, and the law.

4. Language as a Cognitive System (4)
Introduction to the study of language: differences between animal communication, sign systems, and human language; origins and evolution of language; neural basis of language; language acquisition in children and adults; fundamental issues in language and cognition.

7. Sign Language and Its Culture (4)
Deaf history since the eighteenth century. The structure of American Sign Language and comparison with oral languages. ASL poetry and narrative and Deaf people's system of cultural knowledge. Basic questions concerning the nature of language and its relation to culture.

8. Languages and Cultures in America (4)
Language in American culture and society. Standard and non-standard English in school, media, pop-culture, politics; bilingualism and education; cultural perception of language issues over time; languages and cultures in the 'melting pot', including Native American, Hispanic, African-American, Deaf.

17. Making and Breaking Codes (4)
A rigorous analysis of symbolic systems and their interpretations. Students will learn to encode and decode information using progressively more sophisticated methods; topics covered include ancient and modern phonetic writing systems, hieroglyphics, computer languages, and ciphers (secret codes).

Upper Division

101. Introduction to the Study of Language (4)
Language is what makes us human, but how does it work? This course focuses on speech sounds and sound patterns, how words are formed, organized into sentences, and understood, how language changes, and how it is learned.

104. Language and Conceptualization (4)
How does language reflect the ways humans conceptualize the world? Issues discussed include the relation between language and thought, how languages differ in conceiving and portraying situations, and how cultural differences are reflected in language structure.

105. Law and Language (4)
The interpretation of language in understanding the law: 1) the language of courtroom interaction (hearsay, jury instructions); 2) written legal language (contracts, ambiguity, legal fictions); 3) language-based issues in the law (First Amendment, libel and slander).

108. Languages of Africa (4)
Africa is home to an astonishing variety of languages. This course investigates the characteristics of the major language families as well as population movements and language contact, and how governments attempt to regulate language use.

110. Phonetics (4)
The study of the sounds which make up human language. How sounds are physically produced; acoustics of speech perception; practical training in translating speech signals into written form and in interpreting computerized speech signals. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

111. Phonology I (4)
Why does one language sound different from another? This course analyzes how languages organize sounds into different patterns, how those sounds interact, and how they fit into larger units, such as syllables. Focus on a wide variety of languages and problem-solving. Prerequisite: LIGN 110.

115. Phonology II (4)
Current theoretical approaches to the sound structure of languages. Prerequisite: LIGN 111.

120. Morphology (4)
How do some languages express with one word complex meanings that English needs several words to express? Discovery of underlying principles of word formation through problem-solving and analysis of data from a wide variety of languages. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

121. Syntax I (4)
What universal principles determine how words combine into phrases and sentences? Introduction to research methods and results. Emphasis on how argumentation in problem-solving can be used in the development of theories of language. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

123. Morphology II (4)
Recent developments in morphological theory, with special reference to the interface between morphology and syntax and/or phonology. An illustrative list of issues includes: cyclic effects, non-derived environment blocking, bracket erasure, non-concatenative morphology; item-and-arrangement vs. realizational approaches to morphology. Prerequisite: LIGN 120 or consent of instructor.

125. Syntax II (4)
Topics in the syntax of English and other languages. Syntactic theory and universals. Prerequisite: LIGN 121.

130. Semantics (4)
Introduction to the formal study of meaning. The meanings of words and phrases have an intricate internal structure that is both logical and intuitive. How, precisely, do words mean what they do in isolation and in context? Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

140. The Structure of ASL (4)
Examination of ASL phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, including linguistic facial expression and uses of physical space in verb agreement, aspectual morphology, and classifier constructions. Discussion of discourse, acquisition, psycholinguistics and historical change.Prerequisite: LIGN 101; in its absence LISL 1CX or consent of instructor.

141. Language Structures (4)
Detailed investigation of the structure of one or more languages. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

142. Language Typology (4)
The systematic ways languages differ. Cross-linguistic studies of specified topics (e.g., word order, agreement, case, switch reference, phonological systems and rule types, etc.) in an effort to develop models of language variation. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

143. The Structure of Spanish (4)
Surveys aspects of Spanish phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax. Topics include dialect differences between Latin American and Peninsular Spanish (both from a historical and contemporary viewpoint), gender classes, verbal morphology, and clause structure. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

145. Pidgins and Creoles (4)
Pidgin and creole languages provide important insights into the processes arising from natural language contact. Origins of pidgins and creoles; detailed description of salient aspects of their structure; relevance of pidgins and creoles for theories of syntax, morphology, language acquisition. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

150. Historical Linguistics (4)
Language is constantly changing. This course investigates the nature of language change, how to determine a language's history, its relationship to other languages, and the search for common ancestors or 'proto-language'. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

160. Mathematical Analysis of Language (4)
The techniques and major results of computational, logical, and statistical approaches to the analysis of human and computer languages.

163. Computers and Language (4)
Computers are just getting to the point where they can understand spoken and written language. What makes this task so hard? How do computers manage to do it at all? Hands-on study of real software systems.

165. Computational Linguistics (4)
An introduction to the fundamental concepts of computational linguistics, in which we study natural language syntax and semantics from an interpretation perspective, describe methods for programming computer systems to perform such interpretation, and survey applications of computational linguistics technology.

170. Psycholinguistics (4)
The study of models of language and of language acquisition from the point of view of modern linguistics and psychology. Basic experimental method as applied to language. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

171. Child Language Acquisition (4)
A central cognitive, developmental mystery is how children learn their first language. Overview of research in the learning of sound systems, word forms and word meanings, and word combinations. Exploration of the relation between cognitive and language development. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

172. Language and the Brain (4)
The mind/body problem, basic neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, cerebral lateralization, origins and evolution of language, aphasia, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and event-related potentials (ERPs). Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

174. Gender and Language in Society (4)
(Same as SOC/B 118A) This course examines how language contributes to the social construction of gender identities, and how gender impacts language use and ideologies. Topics include the ways language and gender interact across the life span (especially childhood and adolescence); within ethnolinguistic minority communities; and across cultures. Prerequisite: upper-division standing.

175. Sociolinguistics (4)
The study of language in its social context, with emphasis on the different types of linguistic variation and the principles underlying them. Dialects; registers; sex-based linguistic differences; factors influencing linguistic choice; formal models of variation; variation and change. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

176. Language of Politics and Advertising (4)
How can we explain the difference between what is literally said versus what is actually conveyed in the language of law, politics, and advertising? How people's ordinary command of language and their reasoning skills are used to manipulate them.

177. Multilingualism (4)
Official and minority languages, pidgins and creoles, language planning, bilingual education and literacy, code switching, and language attrition. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

178. Second Language Teaching Methodology(4)
The history of second language teaching methodology, language acquistion theories, current methods and teaching techniques. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

179. Second Language Acquisition Research (4)
Topics in second language acquisition including the critical period, the processing and neural representation of language in bilinguals, theories of second language acquisition and creolization, exceptional language learners, and parallels with first language acquisition. Prerequisite: LIGN 101 or consent of instructor.

195. Apprentice Teaching (0-4)
Students lead a class section of a lower-division linguistics course. They also attend a weekly meeting on teaching methods. (This course does not count toward minor or major.) May be repeated for credit, up to a maximum of four units. (P/NP grades only.) Prerequisites: consent of instructor, advanced standing.

199. Independent Study in Linguistics (2 or 4)
The student undertakes a program of research or advanced reading in linguistics under the supervision of a faculty member of the Department of Linguistics. (P/NP grades only.) Prerequisite: consent of instructor. May be repeated for credit.

199H. Honors Independent Study in Linguistics (4)
The student undertakes a program of research and advanced reading in linguistics under the supervision of a faculty member in the Department of Linguistics. (P/NP grades only.) Prerequisite: admission to Honors Program.