Total points for homework #2 -- 107
points greater than or equal to 88 got check-plus
points less than 68 got check-minus
all else, check

Question 1.     33 points total  (each answer worth 1 point)

For most of these, more than one answer was possible depending on how you interpreted  the scene
described by the sentence and the literal meaning of the sentence.  I lay out here what answers I accepted.  

1
			For most of these, more than one answer was possible depending on how you interpreted  the scene described by the sentence and the literal meaning of the sentence.  I lay out here what answers I accepted.
	a		The pillar cast a shadow against the wall
		1	None   The scene described contains no actual or factive motion.   Nothing is really moving.
		2	Shadow  The sentence uses a motion verb 'cast', which conveys that  the pillar is participating in an act of throwing in which the shadow is a fictively moving entity
		3	No Although there may be mental imagery involved, the source of the above fictive motion is not a result of tracing a mental path
	b		The bakery is across the street from the bank.
		1	None   The scene described is stationary.  There is no factive motion occurring, nor is the bakery likely to be understood as having actually got to its location by starting at the bank and locomoting across the street.
		2	NoneorBakery   You may have viewed this as a kind of mental scanning that conceptualizer does from bank to bakery.  In this case no participant is moving ficitively, answer 3 should have been  Yes.    You might also have viewed the bakery as having moved (fictively of course) from the bank to its location across the street.    In this case, answer 3 could have been  either YesorNo (with or without mental scanning)
	c		The book is on the table.
		1	None   Scene described is staionary
		2	None   No language in sentence suggests ficitive motion either
		3	No  No fictive motion, no scanning
	d		There was a house every now and then through the valley
		1	Noneorspeaker  Could be interpreted as a general description of scene (asserts what was generally true about the land at some point)  or as a description of speaker's personal travel experience.   In the first case there is no actual motion.  In the second case, the speaker did actually travel through the valley.
		2	None or gneneralized conceptualizer or speaker or houses   If you said there was no factive motion, then you should have indicated that there was some kind of fictive motion which would involve the speaker or a generalized conceptualizer (i.e. any person who viewed that scene) .   You might also have said None and then attributed the fictive motion to a mental scanning operation.  Finally, you might have said the houses underwent ficitive motion.  This is acceptable too, since the houses could be viewed collectively as an entity that appears and disappears over time (marginally a kind of motion)
		3	Yesif in 2 you said None,   Yes or No otherwise
	e		The trees get shorter at higher altitudes.
		1	NoneUnlike d, this sentence does not lend itself to an interpretation in which the speaker is actually moving (note use of simple present rather than present progressive--The trees are getting shorter a higher altitudes might be interpreted in this way however)
		2	Noneorgeneralized conceptualizer or speaker   Fictive motion can be ascribed to fictively construing a person (speaker or conceptualizer) moving up a hill or to mental scaning operation (person not conceived of as moving up hill but rather person is stationary and eyes scan up the hill)
		3	Yes  (if answer 2 was none)  otherwise,  yes or no
	f		The telephone poles are rushing by at 80 miles per hour
		1	Speaker  Barring the unlikely reading in which magical telephone poles (or maybe telephone poles on a moving truck) are actually rushing past,  this would be understood as a describing a scene in which the speaker is actually moving
		2	Telephone poles  Telephone poles only appear to be moving.  Motion is real, but local frame is adopted
		3	No  fictive motion is attributable to adopting local perspective and describing apparent, but not factive motion
	g	1	None  No real motion occurs.  Sentence does not describe a scene in which a body is actually increasing in size
		2	Noneorbody or gestation period .   The best answer is none since the sense of motion derives from a mental scanning operation through a non-spatial domain.   The other two answers are okay since they literally describe entities growing and lengthening.
		3	Yes  Reader is invited to imagine scanning through an abstract scale of body sizes each of which corresponds to a gestation period
	h		A mountain range lies between Canada and Mexico
			None  no actual motion described
			None  no language encourages interpretation with fictive motion
			No
	i		Her clothes were strewn all over the floor.
		1	Noneorclothes    In one possible interpretation clothes are literally in a state resulting from having been deliberately strewn thus they a particpant that has factively moved.   In another interpretation there is no assumption that clothes got into their current spatial configuration via any deliberate strewing process
		2	Noneorclothes   If you said clothes factively moved, then they did not ficitively move, and answer should have been none.  If you said nothing factively moved, answer should have been that clothes fictively moved.  You could also have said that nothing moved ficitively, attributing fictive motion to mental scanning
		3	Yes  If answers 1 & 2 were both none,  this answer should have been yes.  Otherwise, yes or no
	j		The water gets deeper as you swim away from the shore.
		1	None  This sentence does not describe a scene in which you or anyone is actually swimming.  Rather, it describes a general truth about a body of water
		2	Youorspeaker or generalized conceptualizer or water or none   Two kinds of ficitive motion could have been mentioned.  Either a) some person fictively construed as swimming into the body of water or b)  the body of water is portrayed as actually  deeping over time.   You could also have said there was no fictively moving entity and attributed the sense of motion to mental scanning
		3	Yesif  you said none in 2,   yes or no  otherwise
	k		As the Mardi Gras floats passed by,  strings of beads gathered on the sidewalk.
		1	floats  or beads  The floats are actually moving perpendicular to viewers line of gaze.  Beads are also factively moving since they are being thrown out from floats toward viewer
		2	beads  beads are also ficitively moving since they are portrayed as 'gathering'
		3	No  apparent motion caused by real temporal change in scene
2			15 points total (each answer worth 5 points)
			The hypothesis underlying these experiments was that if people simulate motion while comprehending FM sentences, those sentences should be processed more quickly after reading 1)  stories describing  short distances compared to stories describing long distances  2)  stories describing  easy terrain   compared to stories describing  difficult terrain  3) stories describing   fast motion  compared to stories describing slow motion
3			9 points total (each answer worth 3 points)
			1)  yes    2)  yes   3)  yes
4			20 points total
			Congruency effect had to do with observation that sentences with 'fast' verbs took longer to process than neutral verbs, and neutral verbs longer than 'slow' verbs after reading stories describing rough or difficult terrain.  Since difficult terrain tends to slow down travel, it was suggested that  the longer response time for fast verbs, and quicker response time for slow verbs was due to the coherence or lack of coherence between terrain type and speed of travel conveyed by verb. For full credit, you should have described the observation and importantly, explained how terrain type and speed of travel are linked.
5			30 points total
			Analog representations  bear some resemblance to perception.  They are iconic and continuous.   Experiments which demonstrate that interaction with one's mental model bears similarities to interaction with the real world provide evidence of analog representation. In Kosslyn's map experiment , subjects' decision times in naming distances between familiar buildings on a college campus is directly proportional to actual distances.  This suggests mental models of campus is analog and mental scanning through model is analogous to moving on campus. For full credit, should have described what an analog representation was, what Kosslyn's experiment showed, and how this constitued evidence of analog representation.